Bibliography

[Rey87] Flocks, Herds, and Schools: A Distributed Behavioral Model

Reynolds.siggraph97 (In proceedings)
Author(s)	Reynolds, C. W.
Title	« flocks, Herds, and Schools: A Distributed Behavioral Model »
In	Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH '87 Conference Proceedings)
Volume	21
Number	4
Page(s)	25--34
Year	1987

Reynolds.siggraph97 (In proceedings)

Author(s)

Reynolds, C. W.

Title

« flocks, Herds, and Schools: A Distributed Behavioral Model »

Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH '87 Conference Proceedings)

Volume

Number

Page(s)

25--34

Year

1987

Abstract & Keywords
The aggregate motion of a flock of birds, a herd of land animals, or a school of fish is a beautiful and familiar part of the natural world. But this type of complex motion is rarely seen in computer animation. This paper explores an approach based on simulation as an alternative to scripting the paths of each bird individually. The simulated flock is an elaboration of a particle system, with the simulated birds being the particles. The aggregate motion of the simulated flock is created by a distributed behavioral model much like that at work in a natural flock; the birds choose their own course. Each simulated bird is implemented as an independent actor that navigates according to its local perception of the dynamic environment, the laws of simulated physics that rule its motion, and a set of behaviors programmed into it by the "animator." The aggregate motion of the simulated flock is the result of the dense interaction of the relatively simple behaviors of the individual simulated birds. Keywords: flock, herd, school, bird, fish, aggregate motion, particle system, actor, flight, behavioral animation, constraints, path planning.

Abstract & Keywords

The aggregate motion of a flock of birds, a herd of land animals, or a school of fish is a beautiful and familiar part of the natural world. But this type of complex motion is rarely seen in computer animation. This paper explores an approach based on simulation as an alternative to scripting the paths of each bird individually. The simulated flock is an elaboration of a particle system, with the simulated birds being the particles. The aggregate motion of the simulated flock is created by a distributed behavioral model much like that at work in a natural flock; the birds choose their own course. Each simulated bird is implemented as an independent actor that navigates according to its local perception of the dynamic environment, the laws of simulated physics that rule its motion, and a set of behaviors programmed into it by the "animator." The aggregate motion of the simulated flock is the result of the dense interaction of the relatively simple behaviors of the individual simulated birds.

Keywords: flock, herd, school, bird, fish, aggregate motion, particle system, actor, flight, behavioral animation, constraints, path planning.

BibTeX code

@inproceedings{Reynolds.siggraph97,
  number = {4},
  volume = {21},
  author = {Reynolds, C. W.},
  booktitle = {Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH '87 Conference Proceedings)},
  domains = {Virtual Reality/Animat:Simulation:Distributed System:},
  title = {flocks, Herds, and Schools: A Distributed Behavioral Model},
  pages = {25--34},
  year = 1987,
}

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Root

Distributed System

		[BW+96] Butler M. et al., "Distributed Systems Development in B" (1996)
		[KMG+03] Koukam A. et al., "A Multiview Approach to Modeling and..." (2003)
		[LWZ+98] Liles S. et al., "Dynamic Discovery of Simulation Entities..." (1998)
		[PB+99] Phillips C.T. et al., "A Cooperative Human-Adaptive Traffic..." (1999)
		[Rey87] Reynolds C.W., "flocks, Herds, and Schools: A Distrib..." (1987)

Simulation

		[BG+95] Blumberg B.M. et al., "Multi-Level Direction of Autonomous..." (1995)
		[Bar00] Barnes C., "Visual Programming Agents for Virtual..." (2000)
		[CH+97] Carlson D.A. et al., "Simulation Levels of Detail for Real-..." (1997)
		[GGB+03] Galland S. et al., "MaMA-s: An introduction to a..." (2003)
		[KMG+03] Koukam A. et al., "A Multiview Approach to Modeling and..." (2003)
		[Rey87] Reynolds C.W., "flocks, Herds, and Schools: A Distrib..." (1987)
		[TR+95] Tambe M. et al., "Architectures for Agents that Track O..." (1995)
		[VD+02] Vanbergue D. et al., "Approche multi-agent pour la simulation..." (2002)
		[WT+03] Wagner G. et al., "Agent-Oriented Modeling and Agent-Based..." (2003)

Virtual Reality/Animat

		[BG+95] Blumberg B.M. et al., "Multi-Level Direction of Autonomous..." (1995)
		[Bar00] Barnes C., "Visual Programming Agents for Virtual..." (2000)
		[IB+02] Isla D. et al., "New challenges for character-based ai..." (2002)
		[PA+99] Panayiotopoulos T. et al., "Towards a Virtual Reality Intelligent..." (1999)
		[Rey87] Reynolds C.W., "flocks, Herds, and Schools: A Distrib..." (1987)